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+<p>
+ Ardour allows adjusting region gain by a constant amount as opposed to
+ adjusting gain envelope where it's possible to change it gradually over time.
+ Like everything in Ardour, this is a non-destructive change. The result can be
+ adjusted at any a later time or discarded altogether. Internally, region gain
+ is an inherent property of regions, it can be edited directly in the region
+ properties dialog.
+</p>
+
+<figure>
+ <img style="width:50%;" src="/images/region-properties-gain-adjusted.png" alt="Region Properties">
+ <figcaption>
+ Region Properties
+ </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>
+ There are two additional ways to adjust region gain: by boosting or cutting
+ gain with a 1dB step, or by normalizing audio.
+</p>
+
+<h2>Boosting and Cutting Gain</h2>
+
+<p>
+ The quickest way to increase or decrease gain of selected regions without
+ involving the gain envelope is to use <em>Boost Gain</em> and
+ <em>Cut Gain</em> commands respectively.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ These commands can be accessed via the main <em>Region > Gain</em> menu or
+ region's context menu. A much easier way is to use shortcuts:
+ <strong>Alt+6</strong> boosts gain by 1dB, <strong>Alt+7</strong> cuts gain
+ by 1dB.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ When gain is boosted or cut, the region caption in the bottom of the affected
+ region specifies the amount in parentheses. In an example below, gain was cut
+ by 2dB.
+</p>
+
+<figure>
+ <img style="width:50%;" src="/images/gain-cut-example.png" alt="Gain cut">
+ <figcaption>
+ Gain cut
+ </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<h2>Normalizing Audio Regions</h2>
+
+<p>
+ Audio normalization is a way to bring the amplitude of a signal to a target
+ level by applying the same amount of gain to an entire piece of audio data.
+ Unlike other ways to treat perceived loudness, such as compression,
+ normalization retains the original dynamic range.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ Normalization is a common step in exporting an entire project to an audio
+ file. However, with Ardour, it's also possible to normalize some of the
+ regions. This effectively changes the region gain setting, the same one that
+ the boost/cut gain commands change.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ Region-level normalization in Ardour can be accessed via the <em>Region >
+ Gain > Normalize…</em> menu command
+</p>
+
+<figure>
+ <img style="width:50%;" src="/images/normalize-region-settings.png" alt="Normalize Region">
+ <figcaption>
+ Normalize Region
+ </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>
+ The normalization tool locates the part of the audio region that has the
+ largest amplitude and adjusts the whole region so that that part matches the
+ normalization target. In an example below, an audio region was normalized
+ to -3dBFS, which led to -2.5dB gain reduction, and this is the part with the
+ largest amplitude hitting the exact -3dBFS target:
+</p>
+
+<figure>
+ <img style="width:50%;" src="/images/peak-normalization-zoomed-in.png" alt="Normalized region, zoomed in">
+ <figcaption>
+ Normalized region, zoomed in
+ </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>
+ It's also possible to apply additional constraints by analyzing perceieved
+ loudness of the material. The first option is to constraint root mean square
+ (RMS) to a certain amplitude value. The second option is to constrain loudness
+ units (LUFS) to a certain value.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ The normalization tool will use the peak amplitude value, but will also
+ correct the calculated gain adjustment when the constraint demands that.
+ In the example below the same region as in example above was normalized to the
+ same peak amplitude of -3dB but with an additional constraint of -21LUFS.
+ The normalization tool took the peak amplitude into account and made sure it
+ wouldn't exceed the target value of -3dBFS, then adjusted the region gain
+ further from -2.5dB to -3.3dB to meet the LUFS constraint demands. This
+ resulted in the peak amplitude hitting -4.2dBFS rather than the target -3dBFS.
+</p>
+
+<figure>
+ <img style="width:50%;" src="/images/peak-normalization-with-lufs-zoomed-in.png" alt="Normalization with LUFS constraint, zoomed in">
+ <figcaption>
+ Normalization with LUFS constraint, zoomed in
+ </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<h2>Resetting Gain</h2>
+
+<p>
+ To reset gain correction for a region entirely you can either set it to
+ <tt>0</tt> in the region properties dialog or use the
+ <em>Region > Gain > Reset Gain</em> menu command.
+</p>