3 Ardour's VBAP panner is currently in development, and its semantics may
4 change in the near future, possibly affecting mixes using it. It is advised not
5 to rely on it for important production work while the dust settles.<br/>
6 The Panner only works in fixed static mode, it does not support
10 <dfn><abbr title="Vector-base Amplitude Panning">VBAP</abbr></dfn>
11 is a versatile and straightforward method to pan a source around over an
12 arbitrary number of speakers on a horizontal polygon or a 3D surface,
13 even if the speaker layout is highly irregular.
16 <h2>Basic concepts</h2>
18 VBAP was developed by Ville Pulkki at Aalto University, Helsinki, in 1997.
19 It works by distributing the signal to the speakers nearest to the desired
20 direction with appropriate weightings, aiming to create a maximally sharp
21 phantom source by using as few speakers as possible:
24 <li>one speaker, if the desired direction coincides with a speaker
26 <li>two speakers, if the desired direction is on the line between two
28 <li>and three speakers in the general 3D case.</li>
31 Thus, if the panner is moved onto a speaker, only this speaker will get any
32 signal. This is handy when precise 1:1 routing is needed.
35 The drawback of VBAP is that a moving source will constantly change its
36 apparent sharpness, as it transitions between the three states mentioned above.
39 An <dfn>horizontal</dfn> VBAP panner has one parameter, the <dfn>azimuth
40 angle</dfn>. A <dfn>full-sphere</dfn> panner offers an additional
41 <dfn>elevation angle</dfn> control.
44 More elaborate implementations of VBAP also include a
45 <dfn>spread</dfn> parameter, which will distribute the signal over a
46 greater number of speakers in order to maintain constant (but no longer
47 maximal) sharpness, regardless of position. Ardour's VBAP panner does not
48 currently include this feature.
51 <h2>Speaker layout</h2>
53 <figure class="right">
54 <img class="mini" src="/images/VBAP-panner-5.png" alt="The VBAP panner with 5 outputs">
56 The VBAP panner with 5 outputs
61 Each VBAP panner is specific to its <dfn>speaker layout</dfn>—the
63 to "know" about the precise location of all the speakers. A complete VBAP
64 implementation must therefore include the possibility to define this
69 Ardour currently uses a simplified approach: if a track or bus has more
70 than two output channels (which implies stereo), it assumes that there are
71 N speakers distributed in a regular N-gon. That means that for
72 irregular layouts such as 5.1 or 7.1, the direction dialed in will
73 differ a bit from the actual auditory result, but any desired spatialisation
74 can still be achieved.
77 <h3 class="clear">Experimental 3D VBAP</h3>
78 <figure class="right">
79 <img class="mini" src="/images/VBAP-panner-10.png" alt="The VBAP panner with 10 outputs, in experimental 3D mode">
81 The VBAP panner with 10 outputs, in experimental 3D mode
86 For tracks with 10 outputs, Ardour will currently assume a 3-dimensional
87 speaker layout corresponding to Auro-3D 10.1, which is a horizontal 5.1
88 system, four elevated speakers above L, R, Ls, and Rs, and an additional
89 "voice-of-god" speaker at the zenith.
92 <h2 class="clear">N:M panning</h2>
94 <figure class="right">
95 <img class="mini" src="/images/VBAP-panner-4in5.png" alt="The VBAP panner in 4 in, 5 out mode">
97 The VBAP panner in 4 in, 5 out mode
102 For tracks and busses with more than one input, Ardour will (for now) assume that
103 the inputs are distributed symmetrically along the latitude around
104 the panner direction. The width parameter controls the opening angle of
105 the distribution sector.