3 In the days of analog tape recording, the routing of monitor signals was
4 performed with relays and other analog audio switching devices. Digital
5 recorders have the same feature, but may impart some
7 href="@@latency-and-latency-compensation"><dfn>latency</dfn></a>
8 (delay) between the time a noise is made and the time that it will
9 come back from the recorder.
12 The latency of <em>any</em> conversion from analog to digital and back to
13 analog is about 1.5–2 ms. Some musicians claim that even the
14 basic <abbr title="Analog to Digital to Analog">A/D/A</abbr> conversion
15 time is objectionable. However even acoustic instruments such as the piano
16 can have approximately 3 ms of latency, due to the time the sound
17 takes to travel from the instrument to the musician's ears. Latency below
18 5 ms should be suitable for a professional recording setup. Because
19 2 ms are already used in the A/D/A process, extremely low
20 <dfn>buffer sizes</dfn> must be used in the workstation <abbr title="Input/Output">I/O</abbr>
21 setup to keep the overall latency below 5ms. Not all
22 <a href="@@the-right-computer-system-for-digital-audio">computer audio systems</a>
23 are able to work reliably at such low buffer sizes.
26 For this reason it is sometimes best to route the monitor signal
27 through an external mixing console while recording, an approach taken by
28 most if not all professional recording studios. Many computer I/O devices
29 have a hardware mixer built in which can route the monitor signal "around"
30 the computer, avoiding the system latency.
33 In either case, the monitoring hardware may be digital or analog. And in
34 the digital case there will still be the A-D-A conversion latency of